Colonoscopy

Definition

结肠镜检查是一种检查结肠(大肠)和直肠内部的检查, using a tool called a colonoscope.

结肠镜有一个小摄像头，连接在一个可以到达整个结肠长度的柔性管上.

Alternative Names

Colon cancer - colonoscopy; Colorectal cancer - colonoscopy; Colonoscopy - screening; Colon polyps - colonoscopy; Ulcerative colitis - colonoscopy; Crohn disease - colonoscopy; Diverticulitis - colonoscopy; Diarrhea - colonoscopy; Anemia - colonoscopy; Blood in stool - colonoscopy

How the Test is Performed

结肠镜检查通常在十大赌博平台排行榜办公室的手术室里进行. 它也可以在十大赌博平台排行榜或医疗中心的门诊部进行.

• 在手术过程中，你会被要求脱掉你的便服，穿一件病号服.
• You will likely be given medicine into a vein (IV) to help you relax. You should not feel any pain. 在考试过程中你可能是清醒的，甚至可能会说话. You will probably not remember anything.
• 你向左侧卧，膝盖向胸部收.
• The scope is gently inserted through the anus. 它被小心地移到大肠的最底部. 镜慢慢推进到小肠的最底部.
• 空气通过瞄准镜插入以提供更好的视野. Suction may be used to remove fluid or stool.
• 当镜被移出时，十大赌博平台排行榜能看得更清楚. 因此，在取出瞄准镜时要进行更仔细的检查.
• Tissue samples (biopsy) or polyps 可以用小工具通过瞄准镜插入吗. 可以使用瞄准镜末端的相机拍照. If needed, procedures, such as laser therapy, are also done.

How to Prepare for the Test

为了检查，你的肠道需要完全清空和清洁. 如果你的肠道没有被清理干净，你的大肠中需要治疗的问题可能会被忽视.

你的十大赌博平台排行榜会告诉你清洁肠道的步骤. This is called bowel preparation. Steps may include:

• Using enemas
• 测试前1 - 3天不吃固体食物
• Taking laxatives

你需要在测试前1到3天喝大量的透明液体. Examples of clear liquids are:

• Clear coffee or tea
• Fat-free bouillon or broth
• Gelatin
• Sports drinks without added color
• Strained fruit juices
• Water

You will likely be told to stop taking aspirin, ibuprofen, naproxen, 或者在测试前几天服用其他血液稀释药物. 继续服用其他药物，除非十大赌博平台排行榜另有指示.

你需要在测试前几天停止服用铁药片或液体, 除非你的十大赌博平台排行榜告诉你可以继续. Iron can make your stool dark black. 这使得十大赌博平台排行榜更难观察到你的肠道内部.

How the Test will Feel

这些药会让你昏昏欲睡，这样你就不会感到任何不适，也不会对测试有任何记忆.

You may feel pressure as the scope moves inside. 当空气插入或镜检向前推进时，您可能会感到短暂的痉挛和气痛. Passing gas is necessary and should be expected.

After the exam, you may have mild abdominal cramping and pass a lot of gas. You may also feel bloated and sick to your stomach. These feelings will soon go away.

考试后一个小时你就可以回家了. 你必须计划让人在考试后送你回家，因为你会头昏眼花，无法开车. 提供者不会让你离开，直到有人来帮助你.

When you are home, follow instructions on recovering from the procedure. These may include:

• Drink plenty of liquids. Eat a healthy meal to restore your energy.
• 第二天你就能恢复正常活动了.
• Avoid driving, operating machinery, drinking alcohol, 并在测试后至少24小时内做出重要决定.

Why the Test is Performed

Colonoscopy may be done for the following reasons:

• Abdominal pain, changes in bowel movements, or weight loss
• Abnormal changes (polyps) found on sigmoidoscopy or x-ray tests (CT scan or barium enema)
• Anemia 由于缺铁(通常在没有发现其他原因时)
• Blood in the stool, or black, tarry stools
• Follow-up of a past finding, such as polyps or colon cancer
• Inflammatory bowel disease (ulcerative colitis and Crohn disease)
• Screening for colorectal cancer

Normal Results

Normal findings are healthy intestinal tissues.

What Abnormal Results Mean

检测结果异常可能意味着以下任何一种情况:

• 肠壁上的异常小袋，叫做 diverticulosis
• Areas of bleeding
• Cancer in the colon or rectum
• Colitis (a swollen and inflamed intestine) due to Crohn disease, ulcerative colitis, infection, or lack of blood flow
• Small growths called polyps 在结肠内壁上(检查时可以通过结肠镜切除)

Risks

结肠镜检查的风险可能包括以下任何一种:

• 因活组织检查或切除息肉而出血
• 结肠壁上的洞或撕裂，需要手术修复
• Infection needing antibiotic therapy (very rare)
• 对服用放松药的反应，导致呼吸困难或低血压

References

Garber JJ, Chung DC, eds. Colonic polyps and polyposis syndromes. In: Feldman M, Friedman LS, Brandt LJ, eds. Sleisenger和Fordtran的胃肠道和肝脏疾病:病理生理学/诊断/管理. 11th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2021:chap 126.

Lawler M, Johnson B, Van Schaeybroeck S, et al. Colorectal cancer. In: Niederhuber JE, Armitage JO, Kastan MB, Doroshow JH, Tepper JE，编. Abeloff's Clinical Oncology. 6th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2020:chap 74.

National Cancer Institute website. 预防结直肠癌(PDQ) -健康专业版. www.cancer.gov/types/colorectal/hp/colorectal-prevention-pdq. Updated April 21, 2022. Accessed February 28, 2023.

Patel SG, May FP, Anderson JC, et al. 关于开始和停止结直肠癌筛查年龄的最新建议:来自美国癌症协会的建议.S. Multi-Society Task Force on Colorectal Cancer. Gastroenterology. 2022;162(1):285-299. PMID: 34794816 pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34794816/.

Shaukat A, Kahi CJ, Burke CA, Rabeneck L, Sauer BG, Rex DK. ACG临床指南:2021年大肠癌筛查. Am J Gastroenterol. 2021;116(3):458-479.  PMID: 33657038 pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33657038/.

US Preventive Services Task Force website. Final recommendation statement. Colorectal cancer: screening. www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/recommendation/colorectal-cancer-screening. Published May 18, 2021. Accessed March 28, 2023.